Explaining the Name Varanasi: From Kashi to Banaras and Beyond
Varanasi, also known as Banaras and Kashi, is one of the oldest cities in the world, with a rich cultural and spiritual history.The city’s name has changed over time and holds important meaning related to its location and culture.
Origin of the Name “Varanasi” :
The name Varanasi is believed to be derived from the two rivers that flow through the city: Varuna and Assi. These two rivers are prominent in the region.
- Varuna: A river that flows in the northern part of the city.
- Assi: A river that flows in the southern part of the city.
The city’s name, Varanasi, is a combination of the names of these two rivers. Historically, it is said that the city was located between the two rivers, which gave rise to its name.
Historical Names of the City:
- Kashi:
The ancient name of Varanasi is Kashi. The word “Kashi” is derived from the Sanskrit root “Kash,” which means “to shine” or “to illuminate.” Kashi is often referred to as the “City of Light” because of its association with Lord Shiva, the deity of destruction and transformation, and its status as a center of learning and spirituality. Kashi also represents the spiritual light and enlightenment that the city provides to pilgrims and followers. - Banaras:
The name Banaras is believed to have come from Varanasi, which evolved as the name used by the British during colonial rule. The term “Banaras” was popular during the time of British occupation and continued to be used widely for the city even after India gained independence. Today, Varanasi is the official name, but Banaras is still often used colloquially, especially by locals.
Detailed History of Varanasi: From Kashi to Banaras and Beyond
Ancient Period:
Varanasi’s origins date back to more than 3,000 years, and it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Its ancient significance is deeply rooted in the Vedic period (around 1500 BCE).
- Vedic and Religious Significance:
The city is mentioned in the Rigveda, one of the oldest texts known to humanity, where it was referred to as Kashi. As a spiritual hub, it became a key place of worship and ritual for Hindus, particularly devoted to Lord Shiva. Over time, it became synonymous with spirituality, enlightenment, and pilgrimage. - Role in Indian Epics:
In the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, two of the major ancient epics of India, Varanasi (or Kashi) is prominently mentioned as a sacred city. In these texts, it is often referred to as a city that symbolizes purity and divine presence.
Buddhism and Jainism Influence:
- Buddhism:
Varanasi holds great significance in Buddhism. The nearby region of Sarnath is where Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon, known as the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, around 2,500 years ago. This event marked the foundation of the Buddhist Sangha (community) and the spread of Buddha’s teachings. Sarnath remains one of the four major pilgrimage sites for Buddhists. - Jainism:
The city is also of great importance in Jainism, as it is believed to be the birthplace of Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, who lived in the 6th century BCE. Mahavira’s teachings continue to influence Jain philosophy and practice today.
Medieval Period:
- Islamic Rule:
During the medieval period, Varanasi came under Islamic rule. In the 12th century, it was captured by Qutb-ud-Din Aibak and later became part of the Delhi Sultanate. Despite Muslim invasions, the city maintained its importance as a religious and cultural center. - Mughal Era:
During the Mughal period, especially under rulers like Akbar, Varanasi remained an important center of Hindu culture and learning. However, the city also saw tensions between Hindu and Muslim populations, and some religious sites, including temples, were destroyed or converted into mosques.
Colonial Period:
- British Influence:
In the 19th century, during British colonial rule, Varanasi became a significant hub for trade, education, and politics. The British often used the name “Banaras” during this time. The city continued to be a major cultural and educational center and saw the rise of prominent figures like Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, who helped establish Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1916, one of India’s premier institutions.
Modern Period:
- Post-Independence:
After India’s independence in 1947, Varanasi retained its spiritual and cultural importance. The city continues to be an essential pilgrimage site for Hindus, attracting millions of pilgrims each year to bathe in the Ganges River and perform religious rituals, particularly at the famous Kashi Vishwanath Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva.
Final Words:
Varanasi’s name and history reflect its profound significance as a spiritual and cultural beacon of India. From its origins as Kashi (the City of Light) to its modern identity as Varanasi, it has been central to the religious practices of Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains. Its connection to Lord Shiva, its role in ancient epics, and its later development under Buddhist and Jain influences, as well as the Islamic and colonial periods, showcase the city’s diverse and enduring history. Today, Varanasi continues to be a vital center of spirituality, education, and culture, with deep historical roots that stretch back thousands of years.
